SPAIN, 1936, the 4th centenary of Mariana's birth,
a local charity stamp issued in the National Zone during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39)
for Talavera de la Reina, Province of Toledo.
The Fortress of Toledo appears above the portrait of Mariana.
The Gálvez Specialized Spanish Stamp Catalog, number 704

Fr. Juan de Mariana, SJ was born in Talavera in 1536 and died in Toledo in 1624. He studied in the University of Alcalá de Henares, where he learned of the recently founded Society of Jesus and entered it in 1554. He continued his studies in the same university, until he was called to Rome by the superior general of the Order, James Lainez, in 1561. He taught theology in the Roman College (1562-65) and was rector at Loreto in Messina (1567-69). Sent then to the Jesuit school at Clermont, Paris, he contributed to the renewal of the theology. He returned to Toledo in 1574 and resided in there until his death. As a writer he treated the most diverse philosophical, moral and biblical themes, and is known for his History of Spain (1592).

Mariana proposed a moral justification of tyrannicide, the killing of an unjust king, when no other means to redress his wrongs was possible. This did not sit well with the powers that were in his day, and he did not fare well with them. But the French, it seems, took him seriously and acted on it. For this reason, he is postulated as the reason why the woman in the Phrygian cap, who symbolizes France and has dominated French definitive stamps since her first introduction in 1944, is called Marianne. There are other theories.

The stamps below, indicated with their dates and designers, are the various types in which Marianne has been presented.

Scott 482 1944 by Fernez	Scott 505 1945 - 45 by Dulac	Scott 653 1945 - 54 by Gandon	Scott 756 1955 - 59 by Müller

Scott 927 1959 - 60 by Regagnon	Scott 968 1960 by Decaris	Scott 985 1961 by Cocteau

Scott 1230 1967 - 69 by Cheffer	Scott 1494 1971 - 74 by Béquet	Scott 1880 1982 - 90 by Delacroix ("Liberty")	Scott 2179 1990 - 97 by Briat

Scott 2589 1997 - 2005 by Luquet	Scott 3070 2005 - 2008 by Lamouche	2008 - 2013 by Beaujard	2013 - by Ciappa-Kawena

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